Do you believe, as I used to, that radioactivity is very rare and very dangerous, restricted to arsenals and power plants? Lets take a look at your kitchen. The bananas are radioactive from their potassium, the Brazil nuts have a thousand times more radium than any other food item, and your dried herbs and spices were irradiated to counter bacteria, germination and spoilage. Theres thorium in your microwave oven and americium in your smoke detector. 你否曾多次與我一樣，堅信放射性是十分少見并且極為危險性的東西？并且只有在軍工廠和核電站才能覓到它的蹤跡？讓我們來想到你的廚房吧。由于所含鉀元素，香蕉具備放射性；巴西堅果里所含的鐳元素是其他食物的上千倍；你的干香草和香料遭受過電磁輻射殺菌處置，目的是殲滅細菌、誘導興起、避免貪腐。你的微波爐里有釷元素，而你的煙霧感應器中則有镅元素。

Elsewhere in the house, cat litter, cigarettes, adobe, granite and brick are all actively radiating you. Always and forever, radiation is both raining down on you from the skies -- striking mile-high Denver two to three times as powerfully as San Diego -- and floating up at you from our bedrocks decaying uranium. Those all-natural mineral waters you soaked in on that spa vacation? Did the brochure mention that hot springs are hot in two senses, as the heat emanates from those same uranium combustions? 環顧你家四周，貓沙盆、香煙、土坯、花崗巖和磚塊都在誓言間斷地電磁輻射你。每時每刻，你不僅不會受到來自天空的電磁輻射—高原之城丹佛市受到的電磁輻射是 地亞哥的兩至三倍—還不會受到來自地下基巖鈾裂變的電磁輻射。那么你在溫泉假期時享用的全天然礦物質溫泉水呢？宣傳小冊子是不是提及溫泉水的熱度有兩個方面的含義，因為水溫就來自于鈾裂變所產生的熱量？Radiance is so pervasive that geologists have uncovered evidence of 14 naturally occurring nuclear reactors. Its coming out of the walls of the U.S. Capitol in Washington and New Yorks Grand Central Terminal. Your cat is radioactive, your dog is radioactive, your friends and your family are all radioactive, and so, as it turns out, are you. Right now your body is emanating radiant effluvia and, every time you and another human being get together, you irradiate each other. 電磁輻射無處不在，地質學家們甚至早已找到了14一處天然核反應堆不存在的證據。電磁輻射來自于華盛頓國會山和紐約中央車站的 壁之中。

你的寵物貓、寵物狗、朋友和家人都具備輻射性。你自己也某種程度如此。

現在，你的身體于是以釋放出來生物電，每次你與另外一個人認識時，你們都會相互電磁輻射。By the way, do you live in the continental U.S.? In 1997, the National Cancer Institute reported that the Cold War detonations at the Nevada Test Site had polluted nearly the whole of the country with drifting airborne radioactive iodine, creating somewhere between 10,000 and 75,000 cases of childhood thyroid cancer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that of the nearly 600,000 Americans dying of cancer every year, 11,000 will be because of those tests. All those decades worrying about the Soviet Union attacking Americans with nuclear weapons? Instead, while Washington irradiated Americans from Nevada, Moscow irradiated its own citizens with tests from Kazakhstan. 偷偷地托一句，你否居住于在美國本土？1997年，美國國家癌癥研究所(National Cancer Institute)公布的報告稱之為，由于放射性碘在空氣中的蔓延，世界大戰時期在內華達試驗場(Nevada Test Site)展開的核爆炸試驗早已對整個國家包含了污染，并造成了10,000例至75,000事例兒童甲狀腺癌的經常出現。

據美國疾病掌控與防治中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)估算，在每年近600,000名病死癌癥的美國人中，有11,000名患者的病因是由內華達的核試驗造成的。記不忘記在世界大戰的幾十年間對蘇聯用于核武器反擊美國人的憂慮？事實上，美國政府用內華達的核試驗電磁輻射了美國人民，而蘇聯政府則用哈薩克斯坦的核試驗電磁輻射了蘇聯人民。But there is, in all this, some good news. 但是，盡管如此，我還是有一些好消息。The source of radioactivity is an atom so obese that it defies the laws of attraction gluing together our material world and spits out little pieces of itself -- two kinds of particles and a stream of gamma rays, similar to X-rays. An overdose of gamma rays is like a vicious sunburn, with skin damage and elevated cancer risks, but those particles are too big to penetrate our skin, meaning that they need to be swallowed or inhaled to wreak damage. Remember the movie Silkwood, with Meryl Streep writhing in naked agony as men with brushes scrubbed her in the shower? They were washing away her exposure. The truly fearful event in a nuclear accident, then, isnt fallout but meltdown, where the core burns through the floor and suffuses the water table. There it causes agricultural mayhem and radioactive dust that you better not breathe. 放射性產生的根源是一個過于不穩定的原子違反了萬有引力定律（我們物質世界不存在的基本原理）并再次發生分化，釋放出來兩種粒子和一束類似于X光的γ射線。

過量曝露在γ射線中就樣子惡性曬傷一樣，不會導致皮膚受損并提升患有癌癥的風險，但由于粒子的體積過于大，所以它們無法擊穿我們的皮膚，也就是說這些粒子要被人類吞入或排出才不會導致受損。忘記電影《絲克伍事件》(Silkwood)嗎？在片中，當梅麗爾·斯特里普(Meryl Streep)飾演的角色赤身淋浴時，一些男人用刷子掩飾她，她傷痛地變形著身體。

這些人正是企圖沖刷丟棄她所受到的電磁輻射。核事故中確實可怕的不是放射性塵埃而是堆芯熔毀，堆芯熔毀需要燒穿地表并滲透到地下水。堆芯熔毀可以帶給農業災害和不應排出的放射性塵埃。The good news, though, is in that word: overdose. Were not dropping dead en masse from radiation poisoning or its ensuing cancers on a daily basis because, like all poisons, it isnt the particular atom that will get you. Its the dose. And damage from radioactivity requires a much greater dose than any of us would have believed. 然而，令人欣慰的事情就在于“過量”一詞。

人類會因為放射性毒害或由此引起的癌癥而每天大量喪生，這是因為與所有的劇毒物質一樣，罪魁禍首不是特定的原子，而是劑量。放射性導致受損所需的劑量相比之下多達我們一般來說指出的水平。This upheaval in everything we thought we knew comes from two decadeslong studies. The United Nations spent 25 years investigating the Chernobyl disaster and determined that 57 people died during the accident itself (including 28 emergency workers), while 18 children living nearby died in the following years of thyroid cancer from drinking the milk of tainted cows. (Thyroid cancer is very curable, so their deaths could have been prevented by an effective public-health service, but Ukraines and Belaruss collapsed alongside the Soviet Unions.) In short, the most terrifying nuclear disaster in human history, which spread a cloud the size of 400 Hiroshimas across the whole of Europe, killed 75 people. 人類對核輻射理解的劇變來源自兩項歷時數十年的研究。

聯合國花費25年的時間調查了切爾諾貝利事故，研究結果表明，事故必要造成的喪生人數是57人（其中還包括28名搶修工人），另有18名居住于在附近的兒童由于飲用了受污染奶牛的奶于事故再次發生數年中病死甲狀腺癌。（甲狀腺癌是更容易醫治的一種疾病，因此兒童們的喪生本可以通過有效地的公共醫療服務防止，但是隨著蘇聯的解體，烏克蘭和白俄羅斯的公共醫療服務名存實亡。

）簡而言之，人類歷史上最相當嚴重的、放射性塵埃在整個歐洲蔓延的面積相等于廣島400倍的核事故最后造成的喪生人數是75人。Some believe that this number is too conservative, but those beliefs arent backed by data. One critic is physicist Bernard Cohen, who predicted, The sum of exposures to people all over the world will eventually, after about 50 years, reach 60 billion millirems, enough to cause about 16,000 deaths. To give this number perspective, around 16,000 Americans die every year from the pollution of coal-burning power plants. 有一些人指出，上述數字過于過激進，但是他們的論點并沒獲得數據的反對。

一位批評家是物理學家伯納德·科恩(Bernard Cohen)，他曾多次應驗到：“在50年以后，全球所有人類拒絕接受的電磁輻射總量將最后超過600億毫侖目，不足以令約16,000人遇難。”我們可以換回個角度來看來這個數字，美國每年因火力發電廠污染而造成喪生的人數也低約16,000人。Besides the U.N.s Chernobyl report, the most extensive data on human exposure to radiation is the American-Japanese joint study of hibakusha -- explosion-affected persons -- the 200,000 survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The expectations at the start of that study (which has taken over 60 years and continues to this day) were that survivorswould be overrun with tumors and leukemia and that a percentage of their descendants would be genetically deformed. Instead, researcher Evan Douple concluded, The risk of cancer is quite low, lower than what the public might expect. 除了聯合國環繞切爾諾貝利事故的報告以外，關于人類電磁輻射最詳盡的調查就數美日兩國牽頭展開的幸存者研究了—這里的幸存者所指的廣島和長崎20萬名“不受原子彈發生爆炸影響的人群”。

在研究伊始（該研究早已展開了60多年并且仍在之后），研究人員預計幸存者將大規模患有腫瘤疾病和白血病，他們的后代中也將有一部分人逃不過基因畸形的厄運。然而，研究人員埃文·杜普勒(Evan Douple)總結道：“幸存者患有癌癥的風險非常較低，高于公眾的預期水平。

”Radiologist John Moulder analyzed the results of one group of 50,000 survivors, about 5,000 of whom had developed cancer: Based on what we know of the rest of the Japanese population, you would have expected about 4,500 of them. So we have 5,000 cancers over 50 years where we would expect 4,500. Assuming that the 500 additional cases are all due to radiation, that means a rate of 1%. And there was no increase in inherited mutations. Remember: These arent victims of a power plant breakdown; they are survivors of a nuclear attack. 放射學學者約翰·莫爾德(John Moulder)對50,000名幸存者的資料展開了分析，他們中的5,000人患有了癌癥：“基于我們對其他日本民眾患癌親率的理解，這50,000名幸存者中的癌癥患者人數本有誤4,500人。所以，從這50年來看，這是一個5,000事例病例與4,500事例病例的區別。

”假設這多出來的500事例病例都是由電磁輻射造成的，那么這意味著這個比例為1%。另外，電磁輻射并沒帶給遺傳性變異的減少。忘記：他們并不是核電站損壞的受害者；他們是核打擊的幸存者。

For the Fukushima disaster of 2011, the consensus estimate is a 1% increase in cancer for employees who worked at the site and an undetectable increase for the plants neighbors. Just think of the difference between the overwhelming nuclear fears and nightmares weve all suffered from since 1945 and that range of increased risk: 0% to 1%. And if thats not enough to question everything you thought you knew about radiation, consider that, even after the catastrophe in Japan, the likelihood of work-related death and injury for nuclear plant workers is lower than for real estate agents . . . and for stockbrokers. 對于2011年的福島核事故來講，外界廣泛預計現場員工的患癌親率將提升1%，并且周圍居民的患癌親率也將有所減少。回憶起一下，相比于實際減少的0%至1%的風險，我們自1945年以來忍受了多少關于核安全方面的憂慮和不安啊！如果這并足以使你對自己原本對于電磁輻射的理解產生那么一點兒猜測的話，那么請求思維一下，即使在日本福島核事故再次發生后，核電站工人的因公傷亡比率也高于房地產中介和股票經紀人的因公傷亡比率。

Heres the truth about you and radiation: Theres no reason to worry about power-plant meltdowns or airport scanners, where the X-rays have been replaced by millimeter wave machines. And dont worry about those radioactive everyday items. By scientific measures, the average American gets 620 millirems of radiation each year, half from background exposure, and that number needs to reach 100,000 to be worrisome. 關于人類和核輻射的真兇在于：你沒理由去擔憂核電站的堆芯熔毀或機場的掃描儀，機場的X光掃描儀現在早已被毫米波掃描儀所代替了。你也不必須擔憂日常生活中具備放射性的物體。

科學測量結果顯示，普通美國人每年受到的電磁輻射為620毫侖目，其中一半歸屬于天然本底輻射，而高于100,000毫侖目的電磁輻射幾乎不必須擔憂。Instead of fretting about these things, have your basement tested for radon. Monitor how many nuclear diagnostics and treatments, from X-rays to CT scans, you and your family get. Use sunscreen. And follow the advice of the woman who defined radioactivity, Marie Curie: Now is the time to understand more, so that we fear less. 與其苦惱這些事情，你還不如請求人測試一下地下室的氡值。

記錄你自己和家人展開核醫療臨床和化療的次數（還包括X光掃瞄和CT掃瞄）。用于防曬霜。并且理會曾對“放射性”作出過定義的居里夫人(Marie Curie)的意見：“現在是時候加深了解了，這樣我們的不安才不會減低。

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